The Cyclic Version of Continuous Creation
The above three lines of evidence were in place by 1992, but some people kept on trying to avoid the conclusion that there was a creation. In 1999 Hoyle and others proposed a cyclic version of the expanding universe.[i] They called their proposal a “quasi-steady-state cosmology.” Their proposal also incorporates the “bouncing universe.”
In the universe according to Hoyle the part of the universe we inhabit (and the only part we can observe) is presently in an expanding phase. Hoyle predicts that eventually gravity will halt the expansion and start pulling the galaxies back together again. He says that we are on the rebound from the last bounce, but if the human race lasts long enough our posterity may eventually be in a contracting phase that will lead to the next bounce. Everything will become as compressed as things were when the expansion started. The present phase began with an event others describe as a big bang, and the phase will eventually approach what others call a big crunch.
When all the ashes of the burned-out stars are horribly compressed, the known laws of physics say that the universe will become one huge black hole. However, at this point Hoyle and his colleagues invoke some new physics. They say, truly enough, that we cannot achieve in the laboratory the temperatures and pressures that would be reached in the big crunch. Therefore we don’t know by experiment or observation how matter behaves under such conditions. Given this ignorance, Hoyle speculates that there may be other laws of physics, unknown to us, that prevail at extremely high temperatures and pressures. Normally, irreversible processes cause the universe to move toward increasing disorder, but the new physics might work the other way. These new laws might produce a kind of renovation, creating a new, highly ordered state of matter and energy. New physical laws may, so to speak, reverse the burning process and make fuel again from ashes. New order may appear spontaneously.
If the new laws of physics are like this and all of this happens, there will be new fuel for the next bounce of the universe. The reason Hoyle gives for this fantastic hope is that the present phase of expansion may have emerged from a similar, past event.
Does science warrant this hope, or is it just incurable romanticism? Can the phoenix rise from its ashes? We must credit Hoyle with optimism. He thinks the universe can make new fuel by crushing its own ashes.
To our knowledge no one has found a way to discover, test, and confirm the kind of physics that can make fuel from ashes. Was proposing it a last desperate attempt to hold onto the cyclic or “bouncing” universe and to avoid the philosophical implications of a beginning?
[i] Burbidge, Geoffrey, Fred Hoyle, and Jayant V. Narlikar, “A Different Approach to Cosmology,” Physics Today, 52 (Number 4, April 1999), pp. 38–44.
In the universe according to Hoyle the part of the universe we inhabit (and the only part we can observe) is presently in an expanding phase. Hoyle predicts that eventually gravity will halt the expansion and start pulling the galaxies back together again. He says that we are on the rebound from the last bounce, but if the human race lasts long enough our posterity may eventually be in a contracting phase that will lead to the next bounce. Everything will become as compressed as things were when the expansion started. The present phase began with an event others describe as a big bang, and the phase will eventually approach what others call a big crunch.
When all the ashes of the burned-out stars are horribly compressed, the known laws of physics say that the universe will become one huge black hole. However, at this point Hoyle and his colleagues invoke some new physics. They say, truly enough, that we cannot achieve in the laboratory the temperatures and pressures that would be reached in the big crunch. Therefore we don’t know by experiment or observation how matter behaves under such conditions. Given this ignorance, Hoyle speculates that there may be other laws of physics, unknown to us, that prevail at extremely high temperatures and pressures. Normally, irreversible processes cause the universe to move toward increasing disorder, but the new physics might work the other way. These new laws might produce a kind of renovation, creating a new, highly ordered state of matter and energy. New physical laws may, so to speak, reverse the burning process and make fuel again from ashes. New order may appear spontaneously.
If the new laws of physics are like this and all of this happens, there will be new fuel for the next bounce of the universe. The reason Hoyle gives for this fantastic hope is that the present phase of expansion may have emerged from a similar, past event.
Does science warrant this hope, or is it just incurable romanticism? Can the phoenix rise from its ashes? We must credit Hoyle with optimism. He thinks the universe can make new fuel by crushing its own ashes.
To our knowledge no one has found a way to discover, test, and confirm the kind of physics that can make fuel from ashes. Was proposing it a last desperate attempt to hold onto the cyclic or “bouncing” universe and to avoid the philosophical implications of a beginning?
[i] Burbidge, Geoffrey, Fred Hoyle, and Jayant V. Narlikar, “A Different Approach to Cosmology,” Physics Today, 52 (Number 4, April 1999), pp. 38–44.
